(HUFFPO) - The U.S. government conducted a series of secret war games in 1999 that anticipated an invasion of Iraq would require 400,000 troops, and even then chaos might ensue.
Early in WWII Japanese naval officers played a war game that envisioned encountering a large American fleet near Midway Island. In the game, senior admirals played the Japanese side while junior officers played the American role. The junior officers attacked the Japanese fleet with aircraft and had managed to sink several capital ships before the older admirals cried foul. No way, they said. Couldn't happen. The game umpires agreed and the sunk ships were returned to the game, enabling the Japanese fleet to win.
When very nearly the same scenario played out for real the American fleet attacked by air and the sunk ships stayed sunk.
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